Typographic guidelines

The following guidelines apply to authors who do their own typesetting of the text.

Note on title pages and binding of publications:

For each publication, the Lublin University of Technology Publishing House prepares the first four pages: pre-title, subtitle, title, editorial pages, as well as a cover created based on a standardized graphic design.

The publisher stipulates soft binding with glue for all publications. In justified cases, the binding of monographs may be hard-glued.

1. The text and the text column

The entire work should be typed in Times New Roman. The main framework of the text should be submitted in 11-point font. Figures and tables should be fit in the size of the column. The dimensions of the column (book print area) are as follows:

• width – 12.6 cm;
• height – 20.0 cm (with page numbering).

For the page footers at the bottom, the margins are:

• top margin – 5.5 cm;
• bottom margin – 5 cm;
• right and left margins – 4.2 cm;
• footer – 3.8 cm.

For the page number at the top, the margins are:

• top margin – 5.5 cm;
• bottom margin – 5 cm;
• right and left margins – 4.2 cm;
• 4.7 cm header – then page numbers are at the top.

The indentation should be 0.5 cm long and should be identical throughout the text. You should divide the words in a proper way to avoid too many gaps between them.

Leading should be single. It is not allowed to start a new column with the last line of the paragraph from the previous page (the so-called orphan) and leave the first line at the bottom of the column (the so-called widow). Eliminate double spaces, commas, periods, etc. Not to be left at the end of the line:

• titles before the surname;
• initials of the name before the surname;
• Arabic and Roman numerals;
• abbreviations (i.e., e.g., p. ...);
• conjunctions (about, in, at).

2. Composition of the book

The book should consist of the following elements:

• pre-title page *;
• frontispiece *;
• title page *;
• copyright page *;
• table of contents **;
• a foreign language table of contents;
• abstract in Polish and English (for monographs) with keywords **;
• list of abbreviations and symbols **;
• prefaces not from the author of the work **;
• introduction **;
• main text (main framework), first pages of individual chapters **;
• afterword **;
• bibliography, references **;
• glossary of terms used **;
• indexes (in the following order: index, geographical index, subject index) **;
• annex **

* – preliminary four pages are prepared by the Publishing House of the Lublin University of Technology

** – pagination except the first page (in the case of a live page)

 3. Dates

Throughout the work, we use a following date recording methods (write the dates

in the following order: day / month / year):

• 8.12.2018
• 8 December 2018
• 8th December 2018
• the 8th of December 2018
• the 8th of December, 2018

In the case of years and months, we use the preposition ‚in’ (in 1999, in March). 

In the case of full dates, days of the week and holidays, we use the preposition „on” (on 15th March 1988, on Friday).

We write the dates constituting the chronological frame in full form, e.g. in the years 1990–1999, not: 1990–99. The same principle also applies to defining the turn of years that are separated with a slash, e.g. 1990/1992, and not: 1990/92.

The ordinals used with the dates or years/centuries should be written with the superscript, e.g.: 1st / 2nd of July, 3rd year, 20th cent. The decades can be written in a shortened form, e.g. in the 1950s (in the nineteen fifties), in the 1990s (in the nineteen nineties).The centuries can also be written in a shortened form: 70 BC (before Christ), 45 AC (after Christ).

4. The division of the text and numbering

It is recommended to use multi-row numbering:

• chapters: 1., 2., 3., 4., ... etc.
• first level subsections: 1.1., 1.2., 1.3. ... etc.
• second level subsections: 1.1.1., 1.1.2., 1.1.3. ... etc.

The introduction to the book, as opposed to the author’s preface, may be included in the general numbering and constitute its first chapter.

Examples of font sizes, styles for chapter and subsection titles:

Chapter title

Font: 13 pt., Bold, Space Before: 12 pt., After: 6 pt., Special Line – First Line, every

0.5 cm, Alignment: Left + Alignment: 0 cm, Style: Quick Style, Based on: Normal,

The following style: Normal.

Subsection title

Font: Bold, Space Before: 12 pt., After: 3 pt., special line - the first line, every

0.5 cm Tabs: 0 cm, Alignment: Left + Alignment: 0 cm +.

1.1. Subsection title

Font 13 pt.: bold, space before: 12 pt., after: 3 pt., special line – first line, every 

0.5 cm tabs: 0 cm, alignment: left + alignment: 0 cm, Style: based on: Normal.

1.1.1. Title of the subsection

11 pt. font: bold, italics space before: 12 pt., after: 3 pt., special row – first row,

every 0.5 cm tabs: 0 cm, alignment: left + alignment: 0 cm, style: based on: Normal.

5. Pagination and page header

Arabic numerals are used for pagination and binary numbering (e.g. 1.1 or A1) should not be used. Please number the pages so that the table of contents begins on the fifth page and the next element of the text begins on the odd page. Normal pagination – page numbers should be placed at the bottom left corner or in the centre for even pages, and in the right corner or in the middle for odd pages. 

Continuous pagination – covers all pages of the book, from the first to the last. It begins with the title (or pre-title) page.

Page header (top of the page) – the page numbers are in the upper left corner for even pages, in the upper right corner for odd pages along with the text it contains.

For a live page, page numbers are not visible on the following pages:

• on the pages of the title four, the first pages of chapters, articles, table of contents, preface and indexes;
• on vacancies (blank pages);
• on pages completely covered with illustrations, tables, charts, etc.

The text of the live page should be complex with a degree less than in the main framework, spaced out. For long titles, it is abbreviated logically and ends with an ellipsis.

In a book which is the work of one author, on even pages we place the titles of a part of a higher-order text (part, chapter), on odd pages – the titles of a part of a lower-order text (subsection). A live page is entered with the title of the chapter that begins on the page or continues in its entirety.

In a book that is a collective work, we put the names of authors on even pages, and titles of works on odd pages. Do not use the live page variant at the top of the page and the page number at the bottom.

6. Listings in the text

The way of marking lists in the text should be standardized. Within one publication, one should limit to the use of one type of enumeration and one symbol of bullets. If these are enumerations (bullets) of the next row, we use a paragraph indent that is higher than the previous one.

7. Names and surnames

Names and surnames quoted in the text should be written uniformly throughout the work:

• full name (in the case of repetitions, we can use the initial and surname);
• use the original form of spelling the name and surname, and those written in non-Latin alphabets should be transcribed into Polish according to an appropriate standard.

8. Abbreviations

An abbreviation is a shortened form of a word or a word combination, e.g. PhD, prof., MDPI, IEEE. The use of abbreviations throughout the work should be uniform and consistent, in accordance with the applicable standard. If there are fewer than ten abbreviations in the text, they should be explained immediately after the first occurrence – in the text or in footnotes. If there are more than ten abbreviations or they are established only for a given publication (they are not commonly known), an alphabetical list of abbreviations and their explanations should be prepared.

Object references:

• if there is a direct reference to an object in a sentence (table, illustration or drawing) described using abbreviations (Fig.), the abbreviations should be expanded, e.g.: „The figure shows ...”;

• if the sentence does not refer directly to the object (table, figure or drawing), the abbreviation can be written as it appears in the description under the object and in parentheses, e.g. (Fig. 16) or (see: Fig. 16).

9. Punctuation marks: hyphen, pause, slash, bracket

Hyphen – an intra-word character, not separated by spaces; it is used in certain cases, e.g.:

• in combining prefixes with proper names;
• with the term quasi- (e.g. quasi-scientific);
• or compound adjectives, occurring consecutively, differing only in the first segment (short- and long-term).

Pause (for greater aesthetics of the text, a half-pause is used, which can be written by using the Alt + 0150 keyboard shortcut) – an intra-word character, separated by spaces and located between two words, digits or numbers, e.g.:

• replacing the wording “from ... to ...” in numerical ranges (pp. 5–10);
• opposing words;
• between a word and an explanation of a concept or the development of an abbreviation.

There are three types of slashes: a backslash (\), a forward slash (/) and vertical slash(|). The backslash and vertical slash they are used for computer coding. The forward slash, often simply referred to as a slash, is a punctuation mark used in English.

The forward slash placed between words might serve:

• as a separator “or” (e.g. Dear Sir/Madam – Dear Sir or Madam);
• to denote a fraction (e.g. 1/2 – one half);
• to indicate “per” in measures of speed, prices etc. (e.g. 100 km/h – 100 kilometers per hour) 
• to from abbreviations (e.g. w/o = without w/ = with c/o = care of).

The brackets can take various forms, e.g.:

• round ones (parenthes es or simply brackets) supplement and explain the main text or alternative wording and insertions, etc. The double use of round brackets (round brackets within round brackets) is avoided; 
• square ones (brackets or hard brackets) are used to: mark phonetic notation in a bibliographic description or decipher data from sources other than the title page, provide information about the author after the citation, mark endnotes at the end of a chapter, e.g. [1], [8–15], but not: [8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15] nor [8]–[15].

10. Formulas and units of measurement

 Mathematical formulas should be submitted in accordance with the instructions given below. In italics we distinguish:

• letters denoting numbers, variables and constants, and geometric points;
• function designations; 
• letter signs and letter abbreviations in subscript and superscripts (except for two or three letter abbreviations).

In antiquity (flat script) we write:

• Arabic and Roman numbers, also in indexes;
• symbols and abbreviations of units of measurement;
• abbreviations of two or more letters;
• constant function symbols;
• special numbers: π, e (base of the natural logarithm);
• probability, e.g. P (A), expected value E (x);
• variance of a random variable D2 (X), increment sign Δ.

We distinguish vectors in bold italics. We distinguish matrices in semi-bold antique letters. Formulas can be numbered by placing the number on the right in parentheses, so that they can be referred to in the text. 

We put a space between mathematical signs and numbers or symbols.

When inserting symbols, you should use ready-made symbols that are included in the editor’s set, or you can write them by using keyboard shortcuts, e.g. a degree symbol (Alt + 0176). 

Units of measurement should be used in accordance with SI system.

11. Pictures

Photographs, sketches, technical drawings, diagrams, charts should be unified in terms of graphics and in terms of letters and symbols, and in addition:

• illustrations should have double numbering assigned within chapters (e.g. Fig. 5.4.);
• the abbreviations „Fig.”, „Fig.” may be used or the full name „Figure” in the description;
• signatures should be typed in 9 pt.; no dots should be placed at the end of signatures;
• the description should include the title of the picture briefly explaining what the picture represents; 
• in case of the photos, the author of photos should be given (optional date of taking); 
• when there is a large variety of graphics in a publication, sometimes an illustration for the whole group is a more convenient name; 
• diagrams or drawings created in MS Word should be merged (grouped) or pasted in graphics saved in TIFF or BMP (lossless compression) format at a resolution of not less than 300 DPI; 
• all elements of the charts should be merged and saved in a resolution of not less than 300 DPI.

12. Tables

All tables appearing in the work should be standardized and provided with a title. Each table should be edited by the author, it is unacceptable to paste tables from other sources as a photo. When quoting data in the table, their source should be given. There should be a distance of 5 mm between the title and the table. There should be a distance of 8 mm above the table title and below the table. The signature and the source should be entered in 9 point font, and the text itself in the font between 8 and 11 points.

When creating a table, follow these rules:

• it should fit on one page and extend to the width of the text column;
• when it takes more than 1 page, its title and headings (vertical and horizontal) should be repeated on each subsequent page; 
• table headers should be bold;
• units should be placed at the bottom of the table header row in one row;
• we don’t hyphenate words;
• messages contained in cells should be centered so that the text distance is the same from the top and bottom edges of the cell; 
• merge adjacent cells when they contain the same information; 
• numerical ranges should be in one place; 
• all explanations are included in the last merged row of the table.

As a general rule, information in a table cell should be centered, except for the numeric data, which is right-aligned. We try to make our table stretched to the size of the text column. Units should be placed at the bottom of the table header row in one row. We provide all explanations in the last merged row of the table. The numbering of tables and figures should be carried out within chapters, so that the first number after the label refers to the chapter number, and the ordinal number after the dot indicates the next table (e.g. Tab. 1.2.).

13. Footnotes

We put footnotes in the font size by two points less than the main frame with single line spacing. We distinguish the following types of footnotes:

• bibliographic footnotes, containing a bibliographic description of the item being the source of considerations or citations. Within them, the following are distinguished: 
• footnotes – in some Polish publications the footnotes are prepared in accordance with the standard PN-ISO 690:2002 – Oxford style; 
• in-text footnotes – provided with parentheses and containing the author’s initial and surname as well as the year of publication and page number, e.g. (A. Smith, 10) – Harvard style; 
• substantive notes, explaining and commenting on a fragment of the text. We start with a capital letter and end with a period; 
• dictionary footnotes, explaining the meaning of terms, solving abbreviations. We start the explanation of the concept with the letter as it is in the main text, in brackets after the text explanation there should be the source; 
• endnotes, present at the end of each chapter they refer to. Elements that we are not sure about or which have information not found on the title page of the cited work should be supplemented with information in square brackets – Vancouver style.

Footnote references are placed in the main text after the punctuation mark (because it could be misinterpreted as raising a number to a power, and also does not belong to a sentence). Footnotes should not be more than 3/4 of the column height. If you have long footnotes, please carry over some of them to the next page. Fragments of footnotes starting with a new sentence should not be placed, it is allowed only after inserting the following information: „Continued on the next page ...” (aligned to the right margin and italicized). After selecting a specific system of footnotes, you should compile your bibliography consistently – in the same style.

14. Bibliography

LUT PH recommends the following ways of recording the works cited, but also accepts the use of other bibliographic styles if they are carried out consistently. The list of references is provided at the end of the entire publication. The order of the bibliographic items is alphabetical, according to the names of their authors without ordinal numbering for the classical styles (Oxford) and author-year (Harvard), and for the so-called numeric styles (e.g. Vancouver style), the numbering should be in parentheses square in front of the bibliographic description. Collective works are listed by title. The bibliography should be prepared in Latin alphabet. The bibliography should be justified and composed with the same typeface and font size as the whole book. Hyphenation is allowed, except in languages where it is customary to do so. However, the elements of the bibliographic description with their designation of abbreviations, such as: edition number, volume / part number (vol.) and the ranges: pages, standard or patent number, should not be divided between the lines. We divide the link between lines at the place of a slash, question mark, etc., but we do not add a hyphen at the place of hyphenation (as in hyphenation). The examples suggested below are based on the MLA 9 style (to see more click here):

1. A book with one or more authors:

Last Name, First Name. Title of Book. Publisher, Publication Date.

Gleick, James. Chaos: Making a New Science. Penguin, 1987.

Gillespie, Paula, and Neal Lerner. The Allyn and Bacon Guide to Peer Tutoring. Allyn and Bacon, 2000.

Wysocki, Anne Frances, et al. Writing New Media: Theory and Applications for Expanding the Teaching of Composition. Utah State UP, 2004.  

2. Anthology or collection (e.g. collection of essays):

Last Name, First Name, editor(s). Title of Book. Publisher, Publication Date.

Peterson, Nancy J., editor. Toni Morrison: Critical and Theoretical Approaches. Johns Hopkins UP, 1997.

Hill, Charles A., and Marguerite Helmers, editors. Defining Visual Rhetorics. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 2004.

3. Work in an anthology:

Last name, First name. „Title of Essay.” Title of Collection, edited by Editor’s Name(s), Publisher, Year, Page range of entry.

Harris, Muriel. „Talk to Me: Engaging Reluctant Writers.” A Tutor’s Guide: Helping Writers One to One, edited by Ben Rafoth, Heinemann, 2000, pp. 24–34.

Swanson, Gunnar. „Graphic Design Education as a Liberal Art: Design and Knowledge in the University and The ‚Real World.’” The Education of a Graphic Designer, edited by Steven Heller, Allworth Press, 1998, pp. 13–24.

4. Article in a journal:

Author(s). „Title of Article.” Title of Journal, Volume, Issue, Year, pages.

Duvall, John N. „The (Super)Marketplace of Images: Television as Unmediated Mediation in DeLillo’s White Noise.” Arizona Quarterly, vol. 50, no. 3, 1994, pp. 127–53.

5. PhD dissertations and master’s theses:

Last Name, First Name. Title of Book. Publisher, Publication Date, PhD/MA dissertation.

Bishop, Karen Lynn. Documenting Institutional Identity: Strategic Writing in the IUPUI Comprehensive Campaign. 2002. Purdue University, PhD dissertation.

Bile, Jeffrey. Ecology, Feminism, and a Revised Critical Rhetoric: Toward a Dialectical Partnership. Ohio University, PhD dissertation. 

6. Standards:

Organization. Title. Standard Number, Publisher, Publication Date, Location. Date of Access.

National Information Standards Organization. Bibliographic References. ANSI/NISO Z39.29-2005,

NISO, approved June 9, 2005; reaffirmed May 13, 2010, Bethesda, MD. January 1, 2017.  

7. Patents:

Surname, Name of the author. Title of the patent. Number of the patent, Name of the Patent Office, Publication Date. URL location (if available).

Neustel, Michael S. Patent analyzing system. US 20140200880 A1, United States Patent and Trademark Office, 17 July 2014. USPTO Patent Full-Text and Image Database, patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO2&Sect2=HITOFF&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsearch-bool.html&r=1&f=G&l =50&co1=AND&d=PTXT&s1=neustel.INNM.&OS =IN/neustel&RS=IN/neustel.

8. Webpages:

Author, or compiler name (if available). Name of Site. Version number (if available), Name of institution/organization affiliated with the site (sponsor or publisher), date of resource creation (if available), DOI (preferred), otherwise include a URL or permalink. Date of access (if applicable). 

The Purdue OWL Family of Sites. The Writing Lab and OWL at Purdue and Purdue U, 2008, owl.english.purdue.edu/owl. Accessed 23 Apr. 2008.